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Download Certified Encryption Specialist Exam Dumps
NEW QUESTION 35
The art and science of writing hidden messages so that no one suspects the existence of the message, a type of security through obscurity. Message can be hidden in picture or audio file for example. Uses least significant bits in a file to store data.
- A. Key Schedule
- B. Avalanche effect
- C. Steganography
- D. Cryptosystem
Answer: C
Explanation:
Steganography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video.
The first recorded use of the term was in 1499 by Johannes Trithemius in his Steganographia, a treatise on cryptography and steganography, disguised as a book on magic. Generally, the hidden messages appear to be (or to be part of) something else: images, articles, shopping lists, or some other cover text. For example, the hidden message may be in invisible ink between the visible lines of a private letter. Some implementations of steganography that lack a shared secret are forms of security through obscurity, and key-dependent steganographic schemes adhere to Kerckhoffs's principle.
Incorrect answers:
Avalanche effect - the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext.
Cryptosystem - a suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service, most commonly for achieving confidentiality (encryption) Key Schedule - an algorithm for the key that calculates the subkeys for each round that the encryption goes through.
NEW QUESTION 36
Changes to one character in the plain text affect multiple characters in the cipher text, unlike in historical algorithms where each plain text character only affect one cipher text character.
- A. Diffusion
- B. Avalanche
- C. Substitution
- D. Confusion
Answer: A
Explanation:
Diffusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion
Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then (statistically) half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then approximately one half of the plaintext bits should change.[2] Since a bit can have only two states, when they are all re-evaluated and changed from one seemingly random position to another, half of the bits will have changed state.
The idea of diffusion is to hide the relationship between the ciphertext and the plain text.
This will make it hard for an attacker who tries to find out the plain text and it increases the redundancy of plain text by spreading it across the rows and columns; it is achieved through transposition of algorithm and it is used by block ciphers only.
Incorrect answers:
Confusion - Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Avalanche - the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext.
Substitution - method of encrypting by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing the inverse substitution.
NEW QUESTION 37
Cylinder tool. Wrap leather around to decode. The diameter is the key. Used in 7th century BC by greek poet Archilochus.
- A. Enigma machine
- B. Caesar cipher
- C. Cipher disk
- D. Scytale
Answer: D
Explanation:
Scytale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytale
A scytale is a tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which is written a message. The ancient Greeks, and the Spartans in particular, are said to have used this cipher in 7th century BC to communicate during military campaigns.
The recipient uses a rod of the same diameter on which the parchment is wrapped to read the message. It has the advantage of being fast and not prone to mistakes-a necessary property when on the battlefield. It can, however, be easily broken. Since the strip of parchment hints strongly at the method, the ciphertext would have to be transferred to something less suggestive, somewhat reducing the advantage noted.
Incorrect answers:
Cipher disk - is an enciphering and deciphering tool developed in 1470 by the Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti. He constructed a device, (eponymously called the Alberti cipher disk) consisting of two concentric circular plates mounted one on top of the other. The larger plate is called the "stationary" and the smaller one the "moveable" since the smaller one could move on top of the "stationary".
Enigma machine - is an encryption device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military.
Caesar cipher - (also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar shift) is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.
NEW QUESTION 38
A 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel for which there are 128, 256 and 320-bit versions is called what?
- A. FORK
- B. MD5
- C. SHA1
- D. RIPEMD
Answer: D
Explanation:
RIPEMD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320, of which RIPEMD-160 is the most common.
The original RIPEMD, as well as RIPEMD-128, is not considered secure because 128-bit result is too small and also (for the original RIPEMD) because of design weaknesses. The 256- and 320-bit versions of RIPEMD provide the same level of security as RIPEMD-128 and RIPEMD-160, respectively; they are designed for applications where the security level is sufficient but longer hash result is necessary.
NEW QUESTION 39
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