L4M2資格トレーニング、L4M2日本語版

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CIPS L4M2 認定試験の出題範囲：

>> L4M2資格トレーニング <<

L4M2日本語版 & L4M2的中関連問題

IT業種の人たちは自分のIT夢を持っているのを信じています。CIPSのL4M2認定試験に合格することとか、より良い仕事を見つけることとか。Topexamは君のCIPSのL4M2認定試験に合格するという夢を叶えるための存在です。あなたはTopexamの学習教材を購入した後、私たちは一年間で無料更新サービスを提供することができます。もし試験に不合格になる場合があれば、私たちが全額返金することを保証いたします。

CIPS Defining Business Needs 認定 L4M2 試験問題 (Q100-Q105):

質問 # 100
A hospital extensively spends on medical and implantable devices, medical, surgical and pharma-ceutical supplies, costs of supplies related to buildings and maintenance operations. Hospital's procurement manager suggests that the hospital has an opportunity to reduce operational costs by reducing variation of medical devices and pharmaceutical supplies. Which of the following best describe the procurement manager's suggestion?

• A. Product standardisation
• B. Process standardisation
• C. Process re-engineering
• D. Value engineering

正解：A

解説：
The hospital is buying too many product variants. This may cause bottleneck in its operation and increase operational expense. So procurement manager suggests to standardise products.
This is an example of the benefits of product standardisation:
Saint Thomas Health, a system of 5 hospitals, needed to find a way to reduce costs. They were purchasing different SKUs for products that were very similar, in this case, labels. They bought label rolls for $3 and a very similar product for $1. This oversight in product purchases impacted the overall costs of the system. After partnering with a sole source vendor it was able to save $200,000 over a four year span. They accomplished this simply by standardizing label products. These savings, however, only account for the immediate savings from standardizing products. The saving that are not factored into that number are the savings from soft or hidden costs.
On a national scale, hospitals lose millions of dollars per year in hidden expenses due to missed opportunities for cost containment and incorporation. Some of the hidden elements that increase overall costs for a healthcare provider include the following:
- Redundant purchasing
- Freight
- Excessive purchase orders
- Multiple vendor relations
- Low efficiency
- Joint commission fines
- HAI
By implementing product standardization, hospitals and health systems reduce vendors, are able to reduce SKUs, purchase orders, inefficiency, freight costs, fines, and off-contract spending. All of this adds up to large savings for the organization as a whole.
96% of the respondents in the survey agree that consolidating suppliers and standardizing product purchases across organization would reduce hidden costs.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 157-159
- 3 Ways Product Standardization Can Help You Get a Bonus - ConnectID (pdchealthcare.com) LO 3, AC 3.4

質問 # 101
Honda of America Manufacturing is a well established automobile manufacturer. It purchases tens of thousands of materials and parts from suppliers, however, only few of them are strategic. To these suppliers, Honda's procurement manager requires them to send details of labour, materials, overhead cost and profit. However, the suppliers are reluctant to submit such confidential infor-mation. Is the procurement manager's action appropriate?

• A. Yes, because strategies can be introduced for reducing cost and improving the supplier relationships.
• B. No, because no suppliers are willing to show sensitive information on their costs and profit.
• C. Yes, because the procurement manager can get a good insight from the market
• D. No, because procurement manager should conduct life-cycle analysis

正解：A

解説：
With strategic suppliers, the aim should be to work co-operatively with them to find ways of reducing costs to achieve a target cost. It is necessary to work with the suppliers in carrying out open book costing by having first persuaded them of the need to do it. Open book can be used to establish a Target Cost, a Compensation Event value and can eventually be used to ensure the payment of actual costs to an organization. A number of forms of contract cater for this functionality of which only the NEC goes to into any great depth of methodology.
If the suppliers worry about leak of confidential information, procurement team can suggest them to sign a non-disclosure agreement. The buying organisation should also comply with data protection regulations. The Employer / individual responsible for a project's costs should ultimately take a pragmatic and sensible approach with regard to commercially or personally sensitive data provided by the contractor. The primary goal of all open book cost management is to provide Employer comfort and security in the accuracy of commercial data; this effectively means striking a balance between undertaking full audits and blind faith.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.2

質問 # 102
When a procurement manager considers a substitution, the number and nature of additional func-tions that substitute provides should be taken into account carefully. Which of the following ratio could help the procurement manager to make the right decision?

• A. Reserve requirement ratio
• B. Value to price ratio
• C. Price to book value ratio
• D. Price to Earnings ratio

正解：B

解説：
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer's propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently. The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company's market value to its book value. The market value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country's central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2

質問 # 103
A purchaser is looking for alternative supplies if there is a major disruption to their supply chain, including logistics, manufacturing and all support services. Which of the following method is that purchaser applying?

• A. Tolerate the risk
• B. Transfer the risk
• C. Treat the risk
• D. Terminate the risk

正解：C

解説：
Risk control is the process by which an organization reduces the likelihood of a risk event occurring or mitigates the effects that risk should it occur. CIPS preferred way to determine your risk control strategy is to use the four T's Process:
Transferring Risk can be achieved through the use of various forms of insurance, or the payment to third parties who are prepared to take the risk on behalf of the organization Tolerating Risk is where no action is taken to mitigate or reduce a risk. This may be because the cost of instituting risk reduction or mitigation activity is not cost-effective or the risks of impact are at so low that they are deemed acceptable to the business. Even when these risks are tolerated they should be monitored because future changes may make it no longer tolerable.
Treating Risk is a method of controlling risk through actions that reduce the likelihood of the risk occurring or minimize its impact prior to its occurrence. Also, there are contingent measures that can be developed to reduce the impact of an event once it has occurred. Finding an alternative sup-plier is an example of treating the risk.
Terminating Risk is the simplest and most often ignored method of dealing with risk. It is the ap-proach that should be most favored where possible and simply involves risk elimination. This can be done by altering an inherently risky process or practice to remove the risk. The same can be used when reviewing practices and processes in all areas of the business.
If an item presents a risk and can be changed or removed without it materially affecting the busi-ness, then removing the risk should be the first option considered; rather than attempting the treat, tolerate or transfer it.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3

質問 # 104
Andrew is responsible for procurement of capital assets at Lumber Ltd. He is devising new business case for the purchase of a new band saw. The purchase price of the saw is $50,000. Andrew estimates that the machine will generate $10,000 per year of net cash flow. What is the payback period of this band saw?

• A. 4 years
• B. 5 years
• C. 3 years
• D. 10 years

正解：B

解説：
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
Reference:
- Payback Period | Formulas, Calculation & Examples (xplaind.com)
- CIPS study guide page 44-47
LO 1, AC 1.3

質問 # 105
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テスト用のL4M2認定を準備する際に、L4M2試験リファレンスのように高い効率と合格率を高めることができる学習教材はありません。 L4M2試験の練習問題では、最も信頼性の高い試験情報リソースと最も認定された専門家の検証を提供しています。テストバンクには、実際の試験に含まれる可能性のあるすべての質問と回答、および過去の試験問題の本質と要約が含まれています。最も簡単な言語を使用して、学習者にL4M2試験の参照を理解させ、L4M2試験に合格するよう努めています。

L4M2日本語版: https://www.topexam.jp/L4M2_shiken.html