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212-81 Exam Papers - 212-81 Exam Pattern
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The EC-COUNCIL 212-81 (Certified Encryption Specialist) exam is a certification program designed for professionals who work in the field of cryptography and encryption. The certification provides expertise in the design, implementation, and management of encryption solutions. The program covers various encryption technologies, including symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashing algorithms, and digital signatures.

EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q87-Q92):

NEW QUESTION # 87
A non-secret binary vector used as the initializing input algorithm for encryption of a plaintext block sequence to increase security by introducing additional cryptographic variance.

  • A. IV
  • B. Nonce
  • C. L2TP
  • D. Salt

Answer: A

Explanation:
IV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.
Incorrect answers:
L2TP - PPTP combined with L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding) (Cisco proprietary protocol) - Uses EAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, PAP, or S-PAP for authentication. IPSec is used to provide encryption.
Salt - random bits of data intermixed with the message that is to be hashed.
Nonce - an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is similar in spirit to a nonce word, hence the name. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. They can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions.


NEW QUESTION # 88
A 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel for which there are 128, 256 and 320-bit versions is called what?

  • A. SHA1
  • B. RIPEMD
  • C. MD5
  • D. FORK

Answer: B

Explanation:
RIPEMD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320, of which RIPEMD-160 is the most common.
The original RIPEMD, as well as RIPEMD-128, is not considered secure because 128-bit result is too small and also (for the original RIPEMD) because of design weaknesses. The 256- and 320-bit versions of RIPEMD provide the same level of security as RIPEMD-128 and RIPEMD-160, respectively; they are designed for applications where the security level is sufficient but longer hash result is necessary.


NEW QUESTION # 89
MD5 can best be described as which one of the following?

  • A. Hashing algorithm
  • B. Asymmetric algorithm
  • C. Symmetric algorithm
  • D. Digital signature

Answer: A

Explanation:
Hashing algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5
The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. Although MD5 was initially designed to be used as a cryptographic hash function, it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It can still be used as a checksum to verify data integrity, but only against unintentional corruption. It remains suitable for other non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database.


NEW QUESTION # 90
If the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, then ___________ rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation.

  • A. 0
  • B. 1
  • C. 2
  • D. 3

Answer: D

Explanation:
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistel_cipher
Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel cipher construction, and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, with Ki used as the seed, then 3 rounds are sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds are sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom permutation (which means that it remains pseudorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation). Because of this very important result of Luby and Rackoff, Feistel ciphers are sometimes called Luby-Rackoff block ciphers.


NEW QUESTION # 91
This hash function uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged.

  • A. SHA-1
  • B. FORK-256
  • C. RSA
  • D. SHA-256

Answer: B

Explanation:
FORK-256
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORK-256
FORK-256 was introduced at the 2005 NIST Hash workshop and published the following year.[6] FORK-256 uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged.
Incorrect answers:
SHA1 - (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as a hexadecimal number, 40 digits long. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard.
RSA - (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem that is widely used for secure data transmission. It is also one of the oldest. The acronym RSA comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly, in 1973 at GCHQ (the British signals intelligence agency), by the English mathematician Clifford Cocks. That system was declassified in 1997.
SHA-256 - SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. They are built using the Merkle-Damgard structure, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies-Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher. SHA-2 includes significant changes from its predecessor, SHA-1. The SHA-2 family consists of six hash functions with digests (hash values) that are 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256


NEW QUESTION # 92
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