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NEW QUESTION 27
Which of the following is not a key size used by AES?
- A. 512 b
- B. 256 bits
- C. 128 bits
- D. 192 bits
Answer: A
Explanation:
512 bits
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard
AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process. Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.
NEW QUESTION 28
In a Feistel cipher, the two halves of the block are swapped in each round. What does this provide?
- A. Diffusion
- B. Confusion
- C. Avalanche
- D. Substitution
Answer: B
Explanation:
Confusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion#Definition
Confusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two.
The property of confusion hides the relationship between the ciphertext and the key.
This property makes it difficult to find the key from the ciphertext and if a single bit in a key is changed, the calculation of the values of most or all of the bits in the ciphertext will be affected.
Confusion increases the ambiguity of ciphertext and it is used by both block and stream ciphers.
Incorrect answer:
Avalanche - The avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip). In the case of high-quality block ciphers, such a small change in either the key or the plaintext should cause a drastic change in the ciphertext. The actual term was first used by Horst Feistel, although the concept dates back to at least Shannon's diffusion.
Diffusion - Diffusion means that if we change a single bit of the plaintext, then (statistically) half of the bits in the ciphertext should change, and similarly, if we change one bit of the ciphertext, then approximately one half of the plaintext bits should change.[2] Since a bit can have only two states, when they are all re-evaluated and changed from one seemingly random position to another, half of the bits will have changed state.
Substitution - Substitution technique is a classical encryption technique where the characters present in the original message are replaced by the other characters or numbers or by symbols.
NEW QUESTION 29
The time and effort required to break a security measure.
- A. Payload
- B. Non-repudiation
- C. Session Key
- D. Work factor
Answer: D
Explanation:
Work factor
Work factor - the time and effort required to break a security measure.
Incorrect answers:
Non-repudiation - involves associating actions or changes with a unique individual.
Session Key - is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is content encryption key (CEK), traffic encryption key (TEK), or multicast key which refers to any key used for encrypting messages, contrary to other uses like encrypting other keys (key encryption key (KEK) or key wrapping key).
Payload - is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Headers and metadata are sent only to enable payload delivery.
NEW QUESTION 30
A _______ product refers to an NSA-endorsed classified or controlled cryptographic item for classified or sensitive U. S. government information, including cryptographic equipment, assembly, or component classified or certified by NSA for encrypting and decrypting classified and sensitive national security information when appropriately keyed
- A. Type 4
- B. Type 1
- C. Type 2
- D. Type 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
Type 1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA_cryptography#Type_1_Product
A Type 1 Product refers to an NSA endorsed classified or controlled cryptographic item for classified or sensitive U.S. government information, including cryptographic equipment, assembly or component classified or certified by NSA for encrypting and decrypting classified and sensitive national security information when appropriately keyed.
Incorrect answers:
Type 2 - product refers to an NSA endorsed unclassified cryptographic equipment, assemblies or components for sensitive but unclassified U.S. government information.
Type 3 - unclassified cryptographic equipment, assembly, or component used, when appropriately keyed, for encrypting or decrypting unclassified sensitive U.S. Government or commercial information, and to protect systems requiring protection mechanisms consistent with standard commercial practices. A Type 3 Algorithm refers to NIST endorsed algorithms, registered and FIPS published, for sensitive but unclassified U.S. government and commercial information.
Type 4 - Algorithm refers to algorithms that are registered by the NIST but are not FIPS published. Unevaluated commercial cryptographic equipment, assemblies, or components that are neither NSA nor NIST certified for any Government usage.
NEW QUESTION 31
Collision resistance is an important property for any hashing algorithm. Joan wants to find a cryptographic hash that has strong collision resistance. Which one of the following is the most collisionresistant?
- A. PIKE
- B. MD4
- C. SHA2
- D. MD5
Answer: C
Explanation:
SHA2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_resistance
Collision resistance is a property of cryptographic hash functions: a hash function H is collision-resistant if it is hard to find two inputs that hash to the same output; that is, two inputs a and b where a ≠ b but H(a) = H(b). The pigeonhole principle means that any hash function with more inputs than outputs will necessarily have such collisions; the harder they are to find, the more cryptographically secure the hash function is.
Due to the Birthday Problem, for a hash function that produces an output of length n bits, the probability of getting a collision is 1/2^n/2.
So, just looking for a hash function with larger "n".
The SHA-2 family consists of six hash functions with digests (hash values) that are 224, 256, 384 or 512 bits: SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, SHA-512/256.
NEW QUESTION 32
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